The situation is caused by performing the following sequence of events during the Song of the Hero quest:
1. At the beginning of the quest, go to Lanayru Desert to retrieve the song of the Thunder Dragon.
Did
2. In the Lanayru Mine, speak with Golo the Goron.
Did
3. Complete the Thunder Dragon's event, and receive his song.
Didn't do.
4. Before heading to the forest or volcano regions, speak with Golo in the mine again.
Also didn't do
5. At this point, the forest and volcano events will no longer occur, making it impossible to continue.
Then why did this happen?
1. That's ok. No glitch.
2. Inside the mine, that's ok too. No glitch.
The problem is step 3. You already went to Lanayru and you're saying that you
DID NOT receive the Hero Song from the Thunder Dragon?
If that's the case, then you have to complete this quest first.
Like I said in an earlier post, simply going to Lanayru, even without doing anything else activates this region's Hero Song quest.
You need the Hero Song from the Thunder Dragon first before the Faron Woods OR Eldin Volcano events can trigger.
4. Good, that's the correct thing to do. You don't ever need to speak to Golo again after he opens up the tunnel path to Lanayru Gorge. No glitch.
5. No glitch yet, you simply haven't finish Lanayru region.