Why would they have tried to arrest him, though? He went to Zelda with his story, not the king directly, so Zelda would have been the one to take it to her father. We can't definitively prove if Link told them about the sages, but the facts strongly say that he didn't because there's no mention...
The facts dismiss your theory entirely. If Link told people the sages identities, there'd be no need for the other sages to step in in their place & there be no mention of the other sages. It's unlikely that Link did mention them.
The sages referred to in Twilight Princess are not the same stages from Adult Links journey. They're known as the "Ancient Sages", and the only one of them that is present in Ocarina of Time is Raaru. Here's a Zelda Wiki link on the subject: http://zelda.wikia.com/wiki/Ancient_Sages
I'm going to have to agree here. Unless the sages were necessary, I don't really see why Link would have mentioned them, especially since they weren't even active sages at that point in time.